Introduction: Visual perception error (VPE), especially in the measurement of physical quantities, is the most important aspect of perception error that has a significant impact on the dimensions of human life. This study aimed to design, fabricate, and standardize the Visual perception error test ((VPEMT)) based on the domains of its distribution in Iranian society, in order to compare different individuals and groups in terms of their scores and means in this domain. Material & Methods: This descriptive-survey study was conducted using a number of cards with a two-part image of unequal lines, except for one case as a criterion, and was designed in (T) shape and tested on individuals. Finally, (VPEMT) consisted of 14 cards (Ta, Tb…, Tn) with a difference of half a centimeter in the vertical line. A three-choice question was answered and implemented on 90 people of both genders (16-65 years), and the result was considered the base of the study. The statistical population included 15-45-year cases (mean age: 26 years) who lived in Ilam for 9 months. Eventually, a sample of 900 cases of both genders was randomly selected using the block-cluster sampling method and tested with (VPEMT). (Ethic code: 1398. 041. CER. B. UAI. RI) Findings: The validity and reliability of the (VPEMT) were estimated by halving, within and between experts, and repeated tests (r=0. 92 to r=0. 98,and r=0. 97, respectively). VPE has an almost normal distribution (mean=7. 97, median=8, mode=9, dispersion=9, and range between 3 and 12) and diagnostic cut (Td/10) at 80% level, as well as the minimum and maximum error (1. 5-6) cm in every 12 centimeters. Estimation of standard error showed the confidence intervals of the mean of the population from the mean of the group at the level of 0. 05 (40±, 1 mm) (41> μ, > 39). Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that (VPEMT), in showing the amount of VPE, in the population aged 15-45 years, based on two criteria (mean and reality) had very high validity and reliability. It can also be used diagnostically-selectively in different groups in this age range and research. Moreover, it has the potential to be upgraded to an accurate and automated electronic system or software for this purpose in such a way that the subject receives the amount of his/her perception error by pressing the desired key.

Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is the least brain injury due to direct or indirect blow to the head, which according to the Glasgow scale is given a score between 13 and 15. The findings indicate cognitive impairment. Perceptual dysfunction is one of the most important cognitive deficits in these patients. The present study was designed and performed to compare MTBI patients with healthy individuals in terms of Visual perception error (VPE). Materials and methods: In this causal-comparative study, 30 MTBI patients, in the range of 15-45 and mean age of 27 years and 10 months, with a diagnostic history of less than one year in Ilam hospitals, and 30 healthy individuals in the same range and mean age of 29 years and 7 months (both groups with equal sex) were randomly selected and assessed by (VPEMT). Data were analyzed by independent t-test and Levin using SPSS 23. Results: The results showed that the mean VPE in patients with MTBI with unequal variances (P <0. 05), at the level of 95% is significantly higher than healthy individuals (P <0. 05). Conclusion: This finding, consistent with the results of previous research, indicates the chronic cognitive consequences of concussion, even at a mild level, at least up to one year after injury, and causes a sharp increase in VPE. It is necessary to pay attention to Visual perception errors in clinical and legal evaluations of these patients. However, a definitive judgment in this regard requires future research.

Background and Objectives: In the process of architectural education, Visual perception is an important tool to reach creative ideas, and its defects are one of the main reasons for learning disability. It has led to extensive research in the field of educational technology regarding the type and method of Visual perception intervention to improve the quality of education. For this purpose, the main goal of the research is to develop a tool to identify the level of students' Visual perception, which plays a very important role in identifying their abilities and perceptual levels. There are various tests available to check Visual perception at different ages, including four tests ((TVPS - 4), (DTVP - A/DTVP-2), (OT - APST), (Frostig test)) that have been used for young and healthy people.Methods: In the current research, the above tests are extended to create a new test demanding to distinguish Visual capabilities and defects in architecture students. In the first step, the opinions of architecture and psychology experts are used via a questionnaire and considering final improvements, opinions are presented on subtests reform. The presented Visual perception test consists of nine sub-tests derived from three initial branches named spatial, Visual, and mental skills. To determine the standard of students and calculate the reliability and validity of the test, 90 people from the second year of Bachelor of Architecture at Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas are selected by judgmental sampling method, and the test is conducted on them as a group.Findings: The findings include the norm scores for test separately derived from 9 sub-tests by gender and semester through the calculation of Cronbach's alpha, which is 0.631. Validity determination is applied through the criterion of the grades of the introductory course 3, expression 3, and architecture design 1, and their average is calculated as the correlation coefficients between the scores obtained from the test. Finally, it is found that in this test, the growth of Visual perception in women is more than that of men.Conclusion: The findings are in line with the results obtained by other cooperative researchers. This means that the perception test has acceptable validity. Calculating the correlation depends on homogeneous terms the grades of expression 2, introductions 3, and design 1 and their average, which has high homogeneity. Finally, methods have been presented that can have an effective interference on the results of the Visual perception test. In addition to the development of the Visual perception test, the results can bring suggestions in the future planning of practical architecture lessons and introduce areas for further research. The results of the present research can be useful for measuring the Visual perception of undergraduate architecture students and play an effective role in the curriculum planning of architecture as well as interdisciplinary fields. It should be noted that in the field of academic planning, semesters and theoretical and practical courses, more extensive research can be planned and implemented to generalize the results. This article also summarizes the successful experiences and challenges of improving pedagogical methods.

Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is a common Visual sign in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although ON is recovered in most cases, other Visual functions such as Visual perception are affected and are not fully recovered. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between Visual evoked potential (VEP) P100 and N70 latencies and Visual perception using the Developmental test of Visual perceptionAdolescent and Adult (DTVP-A) in people with MS. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 24 people with ON due to MS, aged 18-50 years old took part. In order to assess the Visual perception and optic nerve conductivity, the DTVP-A and the VEP were accomplished, respectively. Pearson’ s product-moment correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant negative correlation between right VEP P100 latency and total score of DTVP-A (r =-0. 450, P < 0. 05) as well as a significant negative correlation between right VEP P100 latency with Visual-motor integration (VMI) subtest of DTVP-A (r =-0. 485, P < 0. 05). Conclusion: The Visual perception has an important role in safety and independent daily activities. Therefore, determining the related factors is essential. Although the findings of the current study revealed a moderate statistical correlation between Visual perception and right VEP P100 latency, the small sample size might limit the generalization of our findings; therefore, further study is required to confirm our results.

Visualization have Visual features and is the simplest way of imaginings, which employs a process of Visual imagery. Image is a medium and seems that any Visual image can be used in a sensory Visualizing. Nonetheless, it should be noted that there are some difficulties to understanding the meaning of image, and pictorial and subjective ideology may be the best definition for it. According to our knowledge and identification of the world, experimental data shows that our practice in imagining, the same ours in seeing includes picture. Herein the questions are: 1) which aspect of image can be differently interpreted through the history and transferred by its medium? And 2) to what extent there are some equal characteristics among perceived image and reality? This paper will answers those questions in a semantics research about the Visual content of picture and by employing some reasonable account, explain the striking realities within artworks. We should consider that, imagination do not have grammar rules, grammar allow images to represent linear process and these modes render instantaneous while grammar elaborates the meaning in a temporally articulated sequence. This, the image’ s essential instantaneity is lost, while its concise quality constitutes a unifying synthesis that is already present: this is above all a concise vision of a totality articulated in its unity. When we speak of a grammar of the imagination, we make an analogy with verbal language without overlaying these two fields. If we speak of a semantics of the image, we are dealing with a process of organizing a structure that cannot be individuated and facing it sequentially that can be logically reconstructed. We administrate ourselves through experience by seeing. This vision is full of pre-cognitions of the world. It is not relevant here to claim what the image reflects; but, it is important to understand what is evoked to us by image. As we have seen, the image is endowed with an entry point. It has a frame through which it objectifies itself for us. What we have recognized in our world through the image, what in the image has enticed our attention, is, so to speak, brought onto the stage. We find ourselves alternatively in the image, it has also become a part of us, an image of ourselves. The part that we call memory. Our knowledge (and more than any other that gained through the image) has a history. The space occupied by the image consequently becomes the space of the subject, a space in which we hold fast to our vision in the objectivity of the medium in order to locate ourselves in this same objectivity, and to work from within it. The resulting position thus sheds light that the certain Visual nature of image content have a live quality and this can make the entity of our mind apparent. Further, the Framework and objectivity of artwork stand on the active subject-matter which any of them is the way of seeing the world.

This study compares the Visual- motor perception of normal children and children with learning disablilities, and assesses the power of Bender Gestalt test in screening learning disabilities. The study population composed of all primary school students with learning disabilities who were refered to the educational and rehabilitation centers in Ahvaz city during the academic year 1389-90. By purposed sampling, 52 learning disabeld children and 52 normal children were selected based on sex, age, education and language group (mono-linguald or Arabic-Farsi bilingual). To collect the data, Bender Gestalt tests were used. The obtained data were analyzed using MANOVA statistical method. The results showed that there were significant difference between the two groups in Visual-motor perception and distortion, integration, perseveration and rotation and all of the errors. So It seems that Bender Geshtalt test is capable of screening learning disabilities in normal children, especially in grade 2 and the upper grades.

Objective: Several factors have been shown to affect perceived durations. In the present study, we verified the hypothesis that emotional states induced by Persian words influence error in time perception.Method: Sixty-three volunteer undergraduate female students of the University of Tabriz participated in the experiment. By means of a computerized test, a set of emotional Persian words rated for valence and arousal (using Self-Assessment Manikin-SAM) were projected to all participants for 2, 5 and 8 seconds. Two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA, paired and independent t-tests were used to analyze data.Results: A significant main effect of Emotion, and Duration was found. Emotion and Duration interaction effect was also significant. Emotional words (especially negative ones) assessed to be shorter than neutral ones (under-estimation error). Shorter perceived duration was greater for 2 second standard duration.Conclusion: These findings indicate an effect of emotion on time perception. The results are interpreted in the framework of the attentional time perception and arousal time perception models.

Background: Descemet stripping and automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) has gained widespread popularity in the treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we evaluated the outcome of DSAEK in our center. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 patients, who had undergone DSAEK at least 12 months before in Khalili Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. On follow-up, best spectacle-corrected Visual acuity (BSCVA), refractive errors and specular microscopy parameters were assessed. Results: The majority of the studied eyes (49. 2%) had a BSCVA within the range of 20/40 to 20/30. BSCVA was worse than 20/200 in 8 (13. 3%) patients; 6 (75%) patients showed graft failure and 2 (25%) patients had graft rejection. Mean post-operative astigmatism was 0. 29 1. 88 diopters. Themeanrefractive hyperopic shiftwas1. 30 1. 34 diopters. Specular microscopy indicated that 3 (5. 1%) patients had cell density of less than 700 cells/mm2, but in none of the patients cell density was less than 500 cells/mm2. Furthermore, hexagonality of endothelial cells in 50% of the eyes was 54% to 67%. Mean coefficient of variant was 27. 76%. Abnormal variations in specular microscopy findings were mostly confined to endothelial cell density, sparing other parameters. Conclusions: In general, results of this study demonstrated acceptable BSCVA in the average duration of one-year post-DSAEK regarding late complications such as graft failure, graft rejection and epithelial downgrowth.